Routes of drugs administration (pharmacology) Semester-4 PHARMACY

ROUTES OF DRUGS ADMINISTRATION

  • A Route of administration in pharmacology is the path by which a drugs or medicine or any other substance is taken u to the body. 

1. LOCAL ROUTES OF DRUGS ADMINISTRATION

  • It is the simplest route in which drugs is applied only on a particular area or a site on the action. 

A. Topical routes :- 

  • In this, drugs is applied extremally on the surface of skin and give localized   action. 

 ADVANTAGE:-

  1.  Apply for local action. 
  2.  More convenient as well as encouraging to patient. 
  3.  Painless, safe, cheap, useful for childs. 

DISADVANTAGE :-

  1.  Slow action. 
  2.  some drugs cause irritation. 
  3.  Drugs can be efficiently delivered to the localized lesion on the skin, in the form of cotton, ointment, cream, powder, sprays etc. 

B. Inhalation or Nosal:- 

  •  It is also a part of systemic circulation, in which drugs is inhaled through mouth or nose and gives their action on the particular area and also some drugs is absorbed in blood through blood  capillaries present in the mucosa or muscles ( rapid absorption and effects). 

Eg. Asthma used as a bronchodilators. 

C. Rectal/ vaginal:- 

  •  In which, special types of drugs preparation is injected into rectum and vagina to give their local action on it. 
  • Also some part is absorbed in systemic circulation so it is also include in systemic. 

Eg. :- Suppositories or Enema etc. 

 ADVANTAGE :-

  •  Given to unconscious patients. 
  •  Ideal if drugs cause vomiting . 

DISADVANTAGE:-

  • It is cause irritation. 
  • It is not a well accepted route. 

D. Auricular (ear) /eyes/ear canal:-

  •  In this, drugs is introduced into body cavity like ear, eye, and produced a local effect in it. 

Eg. :- Drops, ointment and sometimes suspensions.

2. SYSTEMIC ROUTES :-

  • In which, the drugs administered through systemic routes means absorbs into the blood steam and distributed all over, including the site of action.
a. Enteral:-
  •  It means through instestional (GIT). In which drugs pass through intestine then reach into blood. 
  • It is shows first pass metabolism.
FIRST PASS METABOLISM
  • In which the drugs directly goes into liver after intestine through portal vein, in which drugs metabolism and their bioavaility will be decrease.
b. Oral routes:-
  • It is the oldest and simplest method (routes) for drugs administration.
  • In which drugs is directly swall through mouth and it reach in systemic by passing GIT. 
  • Both solid dosage form (dixirs, syrps, emulsion) can be given orally.
ADVANTAGE :-
  • Safe , more, convenient does not need assistance.
  • Painless, cheap and cost effective.
  • Easily available 
 DISADVANTAGE:-
  • Slow response due to first pass metabolism.
  • Not suitable for emergencies.

3. PARENTAL:-

  • In this , drugs is reach into blood steam other than intestinal.
  • Bypass metabolism:- 
  • In which drugs directly (absorbe) reaches into then reach at site of action through circulation without passing intestine and liver.

A. Sublingual/ Buccal routes:- (Under the tongue) 

  • It may be in the part of enteral. 
  • The tablet or pellet containing  the drug is placed under the tongue/ 
  • Crushed in the mouth and spread over the mucosa, which further absorbed into the blood. 
  • Only lipid soluble drugs can be administrated also it is the non irritating. 
ADVANTAGE:-
  • Rapid action. 
  • It follow by pass metabolism. 
DISADVANTAGE:-
  • Inconvenient for patients. 
  • Eg. :- GTN, Buprenorphine etc. 

1. INJECTION :-



a. Subcutaneous:-

  • Drugs is deposited into lose subcutaneous tissue, which is richly supplied by nerves. 
ADVANTAGE:-
  • Action of drug are uniform. 
  • Self injection possible due to less penetration. 
DISADVANTAGE:-
  • Avoid in shock patients. 
  • Absorption is slower than intramuscular. 

b. Intravenous (IV) :- 

  • In this, drugs is directly injected into veins through injection, which absorb directly into blood stream. 
  • Injection inject at a angle of 25°.
ADVANTAGE:- 
  • By pass metabolism (rapid response) 
  • 100% Bioavailability, also for unconscious patients. 
DISADVANTAGE:-
  • Some pain and irritation. 
  • Inconvenient for patient, some costly. 

c. Intramuscular:- 

  • The drugs is injected into muscles, then drugs reach into blood circulation. 
  • Injection inject at a angle of 90°.
ADVANTAGE :-
  • Bypass metabolism (rapid action). 
  • Useful for unconscious patients. 
DISADVANTAGE:-
  • Small dose. 
  • Mild irritant can be cause irritation. 

d. Intradermal:-

  •  The drugs is injected into the skin raising a bled ( a small blister on the skin). 
  • Injected into epidermis / dermis). 
  • Rarely used (only for specific purpose). 
  • Eg. :- BCG Vaccine. 

e. Intracardiac :-

  • Drugs is directly injected into muscles of heart. 
  • It is only used in an emergency situation. 
  • Need an expert for this. 

f. Intraarterial :-

  • Drugs administrate into artery (Blood vessels that carrier blood form the heart to the tissue and organs). 
  • Anti- cancer drugs can be injected through it.
  



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